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Sum of 3 Squares (Posted on 2024-05-21) Difficulty: 3 of 5
The equation a2 + b2 + c2 = d2 has an infinite number of solutions in positive integers, however, if we restrict a and b to ≤ 3600 then there are only a finite set of solutions.

Find the values a ≤ b ≤ 3600 which give the largest number of solutions.

No Solution Yet Submitted by K Sengupta    
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Possible Solution Comment 2 of 2 |
Since nobody else has attempted this:

Let a^2+b^2=d^2-c^2. 

This is a convenient place to start since LHS presents as a sum of two squares, for which there are known methods of maximising representations, and known limitations.

If a=b=3600^2, then a^2+b^2=25920000. 

Maximal representations near this number are easily established, and 5928325 = 5^2×13×17×29×37 stands out as a local maximum below 25920000. Essentially, numbers of this type like lots of different prime factors of the form (4k+1) and somewhat like powers of those factors. Powers of the form 2^n do not help. Powers of primes of the form (4k+3) do not help if even, and are forbidden, if odd.

e.g: a^2+b^2 = 5928325 has 48 positive representations, while a^2+b^2 = 160225 (omitting 37) has 24, and a^2+b^2 = 1185665 (omitting a 5) has 32.

RHS obeys a different rule. d^2-c^2 has the most representations whenever it has the most divisors, provided that d^2-c^2 cannot equal 4k-2.

e.g: d^2-c^2=10810800=2^4×3^3×5^2×7×11×13 has 144 representations, while d^2-c^2=5405400 has 96 (omitting a 2), and d^2-c^2=1544400
 (omitting 7) has 72.

So the problem is equivalent to finding a compromise between most divisors for the difference of squares and most factors of form (4k+1) for the sum of squares.

How many representations can the difference of squares have? 

21621600 has 192 representations, but also many factors of form (4k+3) to odd powers and powers of 2. However, we can treat 192 as a ceiling for the difference of squares.

In summary:

1. a^2+b^2 cannot exceed 48 representations.
2. d^2-c^2 cannot exceed 192 representations, for a total of 9216.
3. Let x be the desired number. Then:
(a) every factor of x is in {5,9,13,17,25,29,37} and powers of 2. However, 9 and powers of 2 do not improve the number of representations for the sum of squares.
(b) x cannot be of the form 4k+2.
(c) x should minimise use of higher powers of its factors as far as possible. 

We could start with 5928325 itself. This has 24 representations (or 48 including {a,b,} switched). d^2-c^2=5928325 has 24 representations. 

24*24 = 576, the number I gave earlier. 

If we include {a,b,} switched then the total becomes 1152.

However, while writing the above, I discovered 10670985 = 3^2×5×13×17×29×37. This has 32 representations (so a loss of 16, counting switches) for a^2+b^2. But it has 48 representations as a difference of squares.

32*48=1536

Still plenty of room for improvement!

Edited on May 30, 2024, 8:09 am
  Posted by broll on 2024-05-30 07:47:28

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