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The Letter (Posted on 2002-12-08) Difficulty: 3 of 5
You receive a strange letter stating the following:

You are one of 20 logicians worldwide to receive this letter. You don't know each other, but you all think alike. An address is given, and you are told that if a letter is received from one and only one of you, all 20 will equally split a large sum of money. If no letters are received, or more than one, no prize.

What would you to for a chance of winning the prize? What could you do in order to maximise the probability of winning?

  Submitted by pleasance    
Rating: 3.0000 (15 votes)
Solution: (Hide)
If you simply send a letter, so will all the others, 20 letters equals no prize. If you don't, no one will, no prize.

So, you must introduce a random element, not controlled by yourself. For example, send a letter with the address slightly wrong, or with slightly insufficient postage. Different post offices will handle this differently, and most likely some, but not all, of the letters will arrive. That gives you a chance at the prize.

A more methodic approach is to base your decision of whether to send a letter or not on a random event, such as rolling dice. All the others will roll dice too, but will get different results, so only some will send letters.

To maximise your probability (as someone suggested in the comments) roll a "d20" - a 20 sided die - and only send the letter if you roll a 20. A probability calculation shows that this yields the best odds, with a surprising 37.7% chance that only one of you will roll a 20 and send a letter. Better odds than predicting post office behaviour, surely!

Comments: ( You must be logged in to post comments.)
  Subject Author Date
Some ThoughtsPuzzle thoughtsK Sengupta2022-12-12 01:26:45
SolutionSolutionPenny2005-04-30 23:03:48
Another SolutionEric2005-04-29 02:26:44
SolutionThe AnswerChris, Phd2004-12-20 05:59:16
A modification to the official solutionS2003-10-30 12:17:50
in additionEmon Hunte2003-02-02 17:01:41
stupid problemEmon Hunte2003-02-02 16:59:43
Re: The LetterMichael2003-01-30 05:56:46
re(2): probabilistic approachfriedlinguini2003-01-02 11:39:44
re: probabilistic approachN__A__T__A2003-01-02 10:42:01
supposingN__A__T__A2003-01-02 10:36:29
a tryananth2002-12-22 19:08:21
re(2): probabilistic approach - proofpleasance2002-12-13 01:07:08
re(2): probabilistic approach - proofCheradenine2002-12-11 09:19:05
re: probabilistic approach - proofJim Lyon2002-12-11 06:58:18
re(3): probabilistic approachfriedlinguini2002-12-09 11:36:33
re(2): probabilistic approachlevik2002-12-09 07:38:06
Some Thoughtsre: probabilistic approachNick Reed2002-12-09 02:41:54
Some Thoughtsprobabilistic approachCheradenine2002-12-09 00:50:51
SolutionDulanjana2002-12-09 00:47:20
re: logical ...Raveen2002-12-09 00:25:32
logical ...Gary2002-12-08 17:03:39
A thought...friedlinguini2002-12-08 15:12:32
re: (gagga)TomM2002-12-08 13:52:55
No Subjectgagga2002-12-08 13:41:23
re(2): What I would docges2002-12-08 13:39:05
re: What I would dolevik2002-12-08 13:23:28
What I would docges2002-12-08 08:09:10
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