The problem is related to the Bernoulli Numbers, see A006863 in Sloane. Let P be any prime; then P^n-1 is divisible by A006863(n) unless (for obvious reasons)P itself is a factor of A006863(n).
20174525280 = 2^5×3^3×5×7×13×19×37×73, so those primes are all the members of S, and every other prime is so divisible.
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