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Imaginary triangles (Posted on 2021-09-24) Difficulty: 4 of 5
Consider the set of cubic polynomials, x3 + (1-p)x2 + px + 1, p ∈ Z. Then consider the set of triangles formed by the roots of these polynomials in the complex plane. Find the value of p which maximizes the area of such triangles.

No Solution Yet Submitted by Danish Ahmed Khan    
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possible soln | Comment 2 of 5 |
Fortunately, Wolfram Alpha gives the roots as functions of p. These roots contain a cube root of a square root. 
I explored a range of the p values in the regime where the square root within the cube root is real. 

For p within about 6 of the origin, there are two maxima of the area. In all these cases,
there is one real root and a pair of complex conjugate roots: 
x1=A(p), x2=B(p)+ib(p), and x3=B(p)-ib(p). 
Therefore, the triangle is isosceles with  
Area = (1/2) base x height = (1/2) |b-(-b)| |A(p) - B(p)|
Area = |A(p)-B(p)| |b| 

Let's define c(p) as:
 
c(p) = (2 p^3 -15 p^2 + term(p) + 15 p - 29)^(1/3)
where term(p) = (3) 3^(1/2) (-p^4 + 2 p^3 + 29 p^2 -30 p +31)^1/2
For term to be real, (1/2)-5 sqrt(5)/2 < p < (1/2) + 5 sqrt(5)/2
We have:

A(p) =         c(p)/(3 2^(1/3)) - 2^(1/3) q(p)/(3         c(p)) + (p-1)/3

B(p) =        -c(p)/(6 2^(1/3)) +         q(p)/(3 2^(2/3) c(p)) + (p-1)/3

b(p) = 3^(1/2) c(p)/(6 2^(1/3)) + 3^(1/2) q(p)/(3 2^(2/3) c(p))

where q(p) =  -p^2 +5 p - 1

So

|A(p)-B(p)| = |c(p)/(2 2^(1/3)) - ( 2^(1/3)/3 + 1/(3 2^(2/3)) ) q(p)/c(p)|

(See plot in link above) 
The triangle's area is maximized at p=4.5504 and area = 2.761

I am currently exploring outside this p-range as well. The exploration involves thinking about which of the three roots of the cube root and which of the two roots of the square root to mix together when making complex roots x1, x2, and x3 while the square root is complex. 


Edited on October 3, 2021, 11:37 pm
  Posted by Steven Lord on 2021-09-29 06:49:55

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