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Last two digits (Posted on 2023-11-18) Difficulty: 3 of 5
Find the last two digits of this expression:
⌊(1099)/(1031+3)⌋
⌊(x)⌋ is the floor of x, which is the largest integer less than or equal to x.

See The Solution Submitted by K Sengupta    
Rating: 5.0000 (1 votes)

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Solution Solution Comment 2 of 2 |
If you used a computer - then you're doing it wrong!  We don't need that sort of overkill to solve this problem.

Write 10^99 as 10^6 * ((10^31)^3 + 27 - 27)

Then (10^99)/(10^31+3) 
= (10^6 * ((10^31)^3 + 27 - 27))/(10^31+3)

Split this into two fractions:
10^6*((10^31)^3 + 27)/(10^31+3) - (27*10^6)/(10^31+3)

Using the sum of cubes factorization ((10^31)^3 + 27)/(10^31+3) can be simplified to (10^31)^2 - 3*10^31 + 9.  This is an integer.
Then the first fraction reduces to the integer 10^6*((10^31)^2 - 3*10^31 + 9), which is clearly a multiple of 100.

The second fraction (27*10^6)/(10^31+3) is a very small positive fraction.  Then the original expression (before flooring) is an integer minus a small positive fraction.  

So the floor of the original expression is 10^6*((10^31)^2 - 3*10^31 + 9) - 1.  This is one less than a multiple of 100, so the last two digits are 99.

  Posted by Brian Smith on 2023-11-18 10:49:49
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